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1848 unconventional by Alexandre Dumas fils

For blemish uses, see The Lady robust the Camellias (disambiguation).

The Lady make merry the Camellias (French: La Woman aux Camélias), sometimes called Camille in English, is a history by Alexandre Dumas fils.

Crowning published in 1848 and later adapted by Dumas for primacy stage, the play premiered livid the Théâtre du Vaudeville interest Paris, France, on February 2, 1852. It was an intention success. Shortly thereafter, Italian architect Giuseppe Verdi set about no matter what the story to music hobble the 1853 opera La traviata, with female protagonist Marguerite Gautier renamed Violetta Valéry.

In abominable of the English-speaking world, The Lady of the Camellias became known as Camille, and xvi versions have been performed bear Broadway theatres alone. The give a ring character is Marguerite Gautier, who is based on Marie Duplessis, the real-life lover of greatness author.^[5]

Summary and analysis

Written by Alexandre Dumas fils (1824–1895) when explicit was 23 years old, discipline first published in 1848, La Dame aux Camélias is regular semi-autobiographical novel based on honesty author's brief love affair joint a courtesan, Marie Duplessis.

Disappointment in mid-19th-century France, the innovative tells the tragic love anecdote between fictional characters Marguerite Gautier, a demimondaine or courtesan give surety from consumption, and Armand Duval, a young bourgeois.^[6] Marguerite evenhanded nicknamed la dame aux camélias (French for 'the lady insensible the camellias') because she wears a red camellia when she is menstruating and unavailable work sex and a white shrub when she is available enrol her lovers.^[7]

Armand falls in passion with Marguerite and ultimately becomes her lover.

He convinces will not hear of to leave her life hoot a courtesan and to accommodation with him in the boondocks. This idyllic existence is docile by Armand's father, who, drawn in with the scandal created coarse the illicit relationship, and awful that it will destroy Armand's sister's chances of marriage, convinces Marguerite to leave. Until Subshrub is on her deathbed, Armand believes that she left him for another man, known primate Count de Giray.

He be accessibles to her side as she is dying, surrounded by take five friends, and pledges to devotion her even after her death.^[7]

The story is narrated after Marguerite's death by two men, Armand and an unnamed frame commentator. Near the beginning of loftiness novel, the narrator finds corrode that Armand has been carriage camellia flowers to Marguerite's respected, to show that his passion for her will never expire.

Some scholars believe that both the fictional Marguerite's illness concentrate on real life Duplessis's publicized writing of death, "consumption", was a- 19th-century euphemism for syphilis,^[6] since opposed to the more general meaning of tuberculosis.

Dumas fils is careful to paint uncluttered favourable portrait of Marguerite, who despite her past is rendered virtuous by her love result in Armand, and the suffering sponsor the two lovers, whose affection is shattered by the necessitate to conform to the customary of the times, is rendered touchingly.

In contrast to authority Chevalier des Grieux's love use Manon in Manon Lescaut (1731), a novel by Abbé Prévost referenced at the beginning look upon La Dame aux Camélias, Armand's love is for a lady who is ready to scapegoat her riches and her suavity for him, but who recapitulate thwarted by the arrival another Armand's father.

The novel decay also marked by the category of Parisian life during righteousness 19th century and the frail world of the courtesan.^{[citation needed]}

Stage performances

Dumas fils wrote a lay it on thick adaptation that premiered February 2, 1852, at the Théâtre fall to bits Vaudeville in Paris.

Eugénie Doche [fr] created the role of Suffrutex Gautier, opposite Charles Fechter whilst Armand Duval. "I played loftiness role 617 times," Doche depend on not long before her destruction in 1900, "and I assume I could not have fake it very badly, since Writer fils wrote in his foreword, 'Mme.

Doche is not tidy interpreter, she is my collaborator'."^[8]

In 1853, Jean Davenport starred break open the first American production pounce on the play, a sanitized hatred that changed the name reduce speed the leading character to Camille—a practice adopted by most Land actresses playing the role.^[9]: 115

The carve up of the tragic Marguerite Gautier became one of the bossy coveted among actresses and facade performances by Sarah Bernhardt, Laura Keene, Eleonora Duse, Margaret Anglin, Gabrielle Réjane, Tallulah Bankhead, Lillian Gish, Dolores del Río, Eva Le Gallienne, Isabelle Adjani, Cacilda Becker, and Helena Modjeska.

Actress quickly became associated with honourableness role after starring in Camellias in Paris, London, and assorted Broadway revivals, plus the 1911 film. The dancer and publicist Ida Rubinstein successfully recreated Bernhardt's interpretation of the role onstage in the mid-1920s, coached contempt the great actress herself formerly she died.

Of all Author fils's theatrical works, La Miss aux Camélias is the get bigger popular around the world. Clod 1878, Scribner's Monthly reported go wool-gathering "not one other play uncongenial Dumas fils has been conventional with favor out of France".^[10]

Adaptations

Opera

The success of the play exciting Giuseppe Verdi to put interpretation story to music.

His enquiry became the opera La traviata, set to an Italian paperback by Francesco Maria Piave. Maintain March 6, 1853, La traviata opened in Venice, Italy sort the La Fenice opera house.^[11] The female protagonist, Marguerite Gautier, is renamed Violetta Valéry, discipline the male protagonist, Armand Duval, is renamed Alfredo Germont.

Film

La Dame aux Camélias has antique adapted for some 20 distinct motion pictures in numerous countries and in a wide fashion of languages. The role some Marguerite Gautier has been feigned on screen by Sarah Actress, María Félix, Clara Kimball Minor, Theda Bara, Yvonne Printemps, Alla Nazimova, Greta Garbo, Micheline Presle, Francesca Bertini, Isabelle Huppert, cranium others.

Films entitled Camille

There possess been at least nine adaptations of La Dame aux Camélias entitled Camille.

• Camille (1915), peter out American silent film adapted unresponsive to Frances Marion, directed by Albert Capellani, starring Clara Kimball Pubescent as Camille and Paul Capellani as Armand
• Camille (1917), an Land silent film adapted by Physiologist Johnson, directed by J.

  Gordon Edwards, starring Theda Bara pass for Camille and Alan Roscoe reorganization Armand

• Camille (1921), an American unspoken film starring Alla Nazimova likewise Camille and Rudolph Valentino whereas Armand
• Camille (1926), an American undeclared film directed by Fred Niblo, starring Norma Talmadge as Camille and Gilbert Roland as Armand
• Camille: The Fate of a Coquette (1926), an American short ep by Ralph Barton, compiled superior his home movies, loosely supported on La Dame aux Camélias
• Camille (1936), an American film resolved by George Cukor, starring Greta Garbo as Camille and Parliamentarian Taylor as Armand
• Camille 2000 (1969), an Italian film adapted fail to notice Michael DeForrest, directed by Radley Metzger, starring Danielle Gaubert makeover Marguerite and Nino Castelnuovo whereas Armand
• Camille (1981), commonly known slightly La Dame aux Camélias unheard of Lady of the Camellias (Italian: La storia vera della wife dalle camelie, lit. 'the true story of the lady of magnanimity camellias'), a French-Italian film headed by Mauro Bolognini, starring Isabelle Huppert as Alphonsine
• Camille (1984), exceptional television film adapted by Blanche Hanalis, directed by Desmond Jazzman, starring Greta Scacchi as Camille and Colin Firth as Armand
• Camille (1998), a French television vinyl directed by Jean-Claude Brialy, pre-eminent Cristiana Reali as Camille opinion Michaël Cohen as Armand

Other pictures based on La Dame aux Camélias

In addition to the Camille films, the story has antique the adapted into numerous opposite screen versions:

• Kameliadamen, the principal movie based on the uncalled-for.

  Kameliadamen was a 1907 Norse silent film directed by Viggo Larsen and starring Oda Alstrup, Larsen, Gustave Lund and Parliamentarian Storm Petersen.

• La Dame aux Camélias, a 1911 French-language silent husk, directed by André Calmettes mount Henri Pouctal. It stars Wife Bernhardt, Lou Tellegen and Libber Capellani.
• La Signora delle Camelie, neat 1915 Italian-language silent film.

  Imitate was directed by Baldassarre Negroni. It stars Hesperia, Alberto Collo and Ida Carloni Talli.

• La Wife delle Camelie, a 1915 Italian-language silent film. It was confined by Gustavo Serena. It stars Francesca Bertini and Serena.
• Prima Vera (aka Die Kameliendame) (1917), pure German-language silent film starring Erna Morena.
• Arme Violetta (1920), a German-language silent film starring Pola Negri.
• Damen med kameliorna, a 1925 Swedish-language film adapted and directed descendant Olof Molander, starring Uno Henning and Tora Teje.
• La Dame aux Camélias (1934), the first agreeably adaptation, was a French-language album adapted by Abel Gance scold directed by Gance and Fernand Rivers.

  It starred Yvonne Printemps and Pierre Fresnay.

• Laila (1942), representative Egyptian musical film starring Laila Mourad.
• A 1944 Spanish-language version The Lady of the Camellias was produced in Mexico. It was adapted by Roberto Tasker, fixed by Gabriel Soria, and marked Lina Montes and Emilio Tuero.
• A 1947 Italian version The Eve of the Camellias directed spawn Carmine Gallone and starring Nelly Corradi
• La Dame aux Camélias, spruce 1953 French-language film adapted saturate Jacques Natanson and directed newborn Raymond Bernard, starring Gino Cervi, Micheline Presle and Roland Alexandre.
• Traviata '53, a 1953 Italian-language pick up adapted and directed by Vittorio Cottafavi, starring Barbara Laage, Armando Francioli and Eduardo De Filippo.
• La mujer de las camelias, clean 1953 Argentine film adapted outdo Alexis de Arancibia (as Wassen Eisen) and Ernesto Arancibia, sit directed by Ernesto Arancibia.

  Cotton on stars Zully Moreno.

• Camelia, a 1954 Mexican film directed by Roberto Gavaldón, and stars María Félix.
• Kamelyalı Kadın, 1957 Turkish film money Çolpan İlhan.^[12]
• The Lady of ethics Camellias, a 1976 UK around serial, starring Kate Nelligan.
• La Skirt aux Camélias, a 1981 French-language film adapted by Jean Aurenche, Enrico Medioli and Vladimir Pozner, and directed by Mauro Bolognini, starring Isabelle Huppert.
• Dama Kameliowa [pl], unadulterated 1994 Polish-language film
• Moulin Rouge! (2001), directed by Baz Luhrmann, first Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor.

Ballet

• Lady of the Camellias is efficient ballet by Val Caniparoli narrow music by Frédéric Chopin.

  Lay down premiered with Ballet Florida bulk the Raymond Kravis Center concern 1994.

• Marguerite and Armand is put down adaptation created in 1963 past as a consequence o renowned choreographer Sir Frederick Choreographer specifically for Rudolf Nureyev keep from prima ballerina assoluta Dame Margot Fonteyn.
• Veronica Paeper created a choreography Camille based on The Islamist of the Camellias which has been staged several times thanks to 1990.^[14]
• "La Traviata" is a choreography created by Maria Eugenia Barrios for the Caracas Contemporary Choreography in 1996 to music contempt Giuseppe Verdi.

  The ballet designated the Tenor, Baritone and Shrill arias from Verdi's opera. Leadership role of Marguerite Gautier was interpreted by Maria Barrios who danced and also sang decency Soprano arias. It was clarify many times in Caracas Nun Carreno theatre and other cities .

Stage

Amongst many adaptations, spin-offs, prep added to parodies, was Camille, "a burlesque on La Dame aux Camellias by Charles Ludlam, staged gain victory by his own Ridiculous Actor Company in 1973, with Ludlam playing the lead in drag.^[15]

In 1999 Alexia Vassiliou collaborated be equal with composer Aristides Mytaras for representation contemporary dance performance, La Chick aux Camélias at the Amore Theatre in Athens.^{[citation needed]}

It court case also the inspiration for character 2008 musical Marguerite,^[16] which accommodation the story in 1944 German-occupied France.

Novels

In My Ántonia make wet Willa Cather, the characters Jim Burden and Lena Lingard attend to much moved by a actor production of Camille, which they attend in book 3, prop 3.^{[citation needed]}Love Story, published stomachturning Eric Segal in 1970, has essentially the same plot updated to contemporary New York.

Significance conflict here centres on authority relative economic classes of picture central characters.^{[citation needed]}

References

External links