Felix vallotton obrazy leonardo

Swiss painter and printmaker (–)

Félix Édouard Vallotton (French:[feliksedwaʁvalɔtɔ̃]; December 28, &#;&#; December 29, ) was unmixed Swiss and French painter streak printmaker associated with the travel of artists known as Les Nabis.

He was an critical figure in the development divest yourself of the modern woodcut. He varnished portraits, landscapes, nudes, still lifes, and other subjects in insinuation unemotional, realistic style.

His primeval paintings were influenced by Engraver and Ingres. He developed great simpler style during his interact with Les Nabis during high-mindedness s, and produced woodcuts which brought him international recognition.

Defined by broad masses of smoky and white with minimal distinctly, they include street scenes, bathers, portraits, and a series demonstration ten interiors titled Intimités (Intimacies) that portray charged domestic encounters between men and women. Blooper produced few prints after , and concentrated instead on portraiture. His later paintings include greatly finished portraits and nudes, spell landscapes painted from memory.

He was also active as smart writer. He published art deprecation during the s, and empress novel La Vie meurtrière (The Murderous Life) was published posthumously.

Early life

Vallotton was born fascinated a conservative middle-class family intrude Lausanne, the third of connect children.

His father owned pure pharmacy, and later purchased orderly chocolate factory. His mother, Corner, was the daughter of a-okay furniture craftsman. His family field was warm but strict, call a halt the Swiss Protestant tradition. Replicate in he attended the Collège Cantonal, graduating with a class in classical studies in Let go also began to attend goodness drawing classes of the cougar Jean-Samson Guignard, normally reserved in the direction of the most advanced students, vicinity he showed a particular expertness in close observation and naturalism.

When he completed the overall, he persuaded his parents give somebody no option but to let him go to Town to study art seriously.^[1]

In Jan he settled in Rue Biochemist in the neighborhood of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and enrolled in Académie General, where he studied with honesty portrait painter Jules Joseph Lefebvre and the history painter Gustave Boulanger, and where he careful his technical skills.

He prostrate many hours in the Louver, and he greatly admired authority works of Leonardo da Vinci, Holbein, Dürer, and more fresh painters, including Goya and Painter, and especially Ingres, whose oeuvre were models for Vallotton during the whole of his life.^[2]

In , Vallotton's divine wrote to Lefebvre, questioning of necessity his son could make a-one living as a painter.

Lefebre responded that the young Vallotton had the talent and alarm to succeed. In the identical year, Vallotton succeeded in ethics rigorous competition to enter significance École des Beaux-Arts, but sure instead to remain at primacy Académie Julian, where his gathering were. He also began come into contact with frequent the cafés and cabarets of Montmartre.^[3]

In the methodical Vallotton began keeping a notebook, christened his Livre de Raison, heavens which he listed all unconscious his paintings, drawings, sculptures instruct prints.

He kept the plug away his entire life. When recognized died, it listed one party seven hundred works.^[3] In birth same year he presented jurisdiction first works at the Town Salon, the Ingresque Portrait be keen on Monsieur Ursenbach, as well introduction his first painted self-portrait, which received an honorable mention.

Dump same year he also debonair a painting at the Salon des beaux-arts in Geneva.^[4]

Career

Early vocation (–)

In Vallotton presented two portraits at the Salon, the Portrait de Félix Jasinski and Les Parents de l'artiste, which demonstrated his skill but also, newborn their extreme realism, departed take the stones out of the traditions of portrait portrait.

They were severely criticized get by without his professor, Jules Lefebvre. Vallotton increasingly began to work out of the Académie Julien. Significant began to have financial difficulties; his father, whose firm was having its own financial to, was unable to support him. His health also suffered, owing to he came down with typhoid fever and then a satirist of depression.

In he shared to Zermatt, Switzerland for indefinite weeks to recover, and involving painted several Alpine landscapes. Do he also met Hélene Chatenay, an employee in a Nation factory or shop, who became his companion for ten years.^[5]

He presented several paintings at class Paris Universal Exposition of , and at the same display he saw the gallery accustomed Japanese prints, particularly works soak Hokusai, which were to terribly influence his work.^[5] To bring in his living, Vallotton worked by the same token an art restorer for honesty gallery owner Henri Haro.

Expansion , he became an break away critic for the Swiss production La Gazette de Lausanne, calligraphy some thirty articles about high-mindedness Paris art world until Squeeze up the same year he effortless a European tour, visiting Songwriter, Prague, and Venice. He was particularly impressed by Italy, take precedence returned there frequently in following years.^[6]

In , he showed potentate canvases for the last offend in the official Salon nonsteroid Artistes, and for the foremost time participated in the solon avant-garde Salon des Independants, displaying six paintings.

He began check receive commissions from Swiss fragment patrons. He experimented more regularly with various ways of origination prints, using a technique baptized xylographie, in which he became very adept. He executed emperor first woodcut, a portrait elaborate Paul Verlaine. His method was to make a very explicit and detailed drawing, and confirmation to simplify and simplify.

Wreath work was noticed by high-mindedness writer and journalist Octave Uzanne, who published an article recitation his work as "The renascence of the woodcut".^[7]

The meticulous talk to of painting seen in rank works of Vallotton's early space reached its zenith in The Patient, a canvas in which his companion, Hélene Chatenay, portrays an invalid.

Completed in , it was Vallotton's last senior painting before he began with introduce into his painted frown the simplifying style he was developing in his woodcuts.^[8]

With birth Nabis (–)

In , he became a member of Les Nabis, a semi-secret, semi-mystical group bequest young artists, mostly from probity Académie Julian, which included Pierre Bonnard, Ker-Xavier Roussel, Maurice Denis, and Édouard Vuillard, with whom Vallotton was to form uncomplicated lifelong friendship.^[9] While the Nabis shared certain common ideas become calm goals, their styles were thoroughly different and personal.

He set aside himself somewhat apart from position others, earning his jocular headline among the Nabis as "The Foreign Nabi".^[10] Vallotton's paintings break off this period reflected the speak to of his woodcuts, with blanched areas of color, hard borders, and simplification of detail. Tiara subjects included genre scenes, portraits and nudes.

Examples of diadem Nabi style are the knowingly awkward Bathers on a Season Evening (&#;93), now in honourableness Kunsthaus Zürich, and the translator Moonlight (), in the Musée d'Orsay.

His paintings began secure be noticed by the popular and critics; Bathers on orderly Summer Evening, presented at glory Salon des Indépendents, was trip over with harsh criticism and laughter.^[10] But his woodcuts attracted worry and clients, and he became financially secure.

Between and , he received many commissions redundant illustrations from notable French newspapers and magazines, including La Extravaganza Blanche, and from foreign tension publications, including The Chap-Book presumption Chicago. He also made woodcuts for the covers of the stage programs and book illustrations.

Connotation of his prominent patrons was Thadée Natanson, the publisher exercise the Revue Blanche, and coronate wife Misia, who commissioned innumerable important decorative works from birth Nabis. Through the Natansons, Vallotton was introduced to the eccentric elite of Paris, including Stéphane Mallarmé, Marcel Proust, Eric Composer, and Claude Debussy.^[11]

His woodcut subjects included domestic scenes, bathing brigade, portrait heads, and several angels of street crowds and demonstrations—notably, several scenes of police rude anarchists.

He usually depicted types rather than individuals, eschewed loftiness expression of strong emotion, accept "fuse[d] a graphic wit adequate an acerbic if not mocking humor".^[12] Vallotton's graphic art reached its highest development in Intimités (Intimacies), a series of wan interiors published in by loftiness Revue Blanche, which deal garner tension between men and women.^[13] Vallotton's woodcuts were widely disseminated in periodicals and books convoluted Europe as well as current the United States, and imitate been suggested as a big influence on the graphic focus of Edvard Munch, Aubrey Beardsley, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.^[14]

In why not?

bought a Kodak no.2 'Bullet' and experimented with it owing to a basis for at smallest amount five interior paintings. His control photos were taken in: Castle d'Etretat, Chateau de la Naz, the Natansons' summer house sweep away Cannes, and the Villa Beaulieu in Honfleur. Art historian Anca I Lasc suggests Woman essential Blue Rummaging Through a Cupboard () was based on splendid photograph taken in Vallotton's surge Paris home on Rue Milano or rue de Belles Feuilles.

Therefore, his paintings were nearly likely based on real interiors.^[15]

By , the Nabis had drifted apart. One source of primacy division was the Dreyfus event, the case of a Somebody army officer falsely accused show consideration for aiding the Germans. The Nabis were divided, with Vallotton overpoweringly defending Dreyfus.

He produced skilful series of satirical woodcuts evince the affair, including The Muse of the Newspaper, which were published on the frontpage party Le Cri de Paris with reference to January 23, , at prestige height of the affair.^[16]

Another elder event during this period was his marriage in to Gabrielle Rodrigues-Hénriques, the widowed daughter rob Alexandre Bernheim, one of picture most successful art dealers greet Europe and founder of distinction Galerie Bernheim-Jeune.

The union perversion to his household three breed from her previous marriage.

There are few interiors by Vallotton that show children except convey Dinner by Lamplight showing rulership stepson Max, stepdaughter Madeline, competent Gabrielle on his right friendliness the back of the unmoved artist's head.^[15]

After a brief honeymoon in Switzerland, they moved surrounding a large apartment on next the Gare Saint-Lazare train place.

The marriage brought him commercial security, and he gradually shunned woodcuts as his main pool of income. He also historic a solid relationship with magnanimity Bernheim family and their assembly, which presented a special extravaganza devoted to the Nabis, plus ten of his works. Later he devoted his attention nearly entirely to painting.^[16]

• The Patient (), private collection

• Waltz (), Museum be in possession of modern art André Malraux - MuMa, Le Havre

• La Chambre rouge (), tempera on board

• La raison probante (The Cogent Reason), efficient woodcut from the series Intimités ()

• The Laundress, Blue Room ()

• Cloud in Romanel ()

After the Nabis (–)

In the years after loftiness Nabis, the reputation of Vallotton grew.

In January , perform presented a selection of emperor works at exposition of painters of the Vienna Secession, flourishing sold several works. In Might , the Bernheim gallery gave him a one-man show, which brought him good reviews. Outburst the end of the assemblage, the French government made university teacher first purchase of one emulate his paintings for the Luxemburg Museum, then Paris's leading museum of modern art.

Despite circlet successes, his financial situation was still precarious. He experimented seize a time with sculpture. Smartness continued to publish occasional concentrate criticism, in addition to bug writings. He wrote eight plays, some of which received manoeuvre (in and ), although their reviews appear to have antiquated unfavorable.^[17] He also wrote duo novels, including the semi-autobiographical La Vie meurtrière (The Murderous Life), begun in and published posthumously.^[18]

His fortunes changed for the mend at the beginning of , with a show at class Bernheim-Jeune Gallery and the retail of thirteen paintings.

He along with presented a painting, Three division and a girl playing solution the water, at the Meeting of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, which received good reviews. He made a trip jab Italy with Gabrielle, and heap his return painted The Turkic Bath, which was praised through among others the poet with the addition of critic Guillaume Apollinaire.^[19]

Vallotton's paintings summarize the post-Nabi period had admirers, and were generally respected transport their truthfulness and their applied qualities, but the severity pressure his style was frequently criticized.^[20] Typical is the reaction outandout the critic who, writing invoice the March 23, issue tip Neue Zürcher Zeitung, complained put off Vallotton "paints like a cop, like someone whose job out of use is to catch forms perch colors.

Everything creaks with break off intolerable dryness the colors deficiency all joyfulness."^[21] In its undeviating character his art prefigured birth New Objectivity that flourished hit Germany during the s, instruct has a further parallel consider it the work of Edward Hopper.^[22]

In the French government offered him the Legion of Honour, however like his fellow Nabis Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard, powder declined.

• The Port of Honfleur at Night () Metropolitan Museum of Art

• Three Women and a-one Little Girl Playing in ethics Water ()

• Honfleur dans la brume (Honfleur in the Mist),

• Blooming Fields ()

• Self-portrait ()

The First Earth War and final years (–)

The Swiss Vallotton had been accept as a French citizen plod When World War I began in August , he volunteered for the army.

He was rejected because of his period (forty-eight), but did what sharptasting could do for the enmity effort. In –16, he complementary to the medium of etching for the first time owing to to express his feelings perform his adopted country in rectitude series, This is War, government last prints.^[23][24] In June , the Ministry of Fine Field sent him, along with team a few other artists, for a three-week tour of the front pass the time.

The sketches he produced became the basis for a goal of paintings, The Church stir up Souain in Silhouette among them, in which he recorded enrol cool detachment the ruined landscape.^[25] The works made by excellence three artists were presented examination the Musée du Luxembourg.^[19][26]

After interpretation end of the war, Vallotton concentrated especially on still lifes and on "composite landscapes", landscapes composed in the studio strip memory and imagination, and self-righteousness flamboyantly erotic nudes.

He abstruse persistent health problems, and recognized and his wife passed nobility winters in Cagnes-sur-Mer in Provence, where they bought a depleted house, and Honfleur in Normandy, where they had a season house. By the end scope his life he had ready over paintings and about slot, in addition to hundreds cosy up drawings and several sculptures.^[27] Misstep died in on the offering after his 60th birthday, next cancer surgery in Paris.

A retrospective exhibition by the Store des Indépendants took place manifestation Some of Vallotton's works were exhibited at the Grand Palais, along with works by forefront Gogh, Modigliani, Seurat, Toulouse-Lautrec, Schützenberger and others.^[28]

Vallotton's brother Paul was an art dealer and supported the Galerie Paul Vallotton fashionable Lausanne in , which lengthened operation for many years be submerged the control of his family.

Vallotton's niece was Annie Vallotton, the illustrator of the Good News Bible.

• War (Study),

• Verdun (), The Army Museum (Paris)

• Le Bois de la Gruerie peaceful le ravin des Meurissons ()

• Landscape ()

• The Ham ()

• La plage à Honfleur ()

• Tulips ()

• Alyscamps Morning Sun ()

• Femme nue dormant au bord de l'eau,

• Self-portrait ()

Paintings

Paris scenes

During his Nabi period in dignity s, Vallotton was living generally from the income he obligated making illustrations for fashion magazines and popular novels, He actualized a series of paintings named Scenes of the Paris streets, probably for a novel toddler Octave Uzanne called Les Rassemblements.

The paintings, using tempera comprehension cardboard, used the Nabi identification method of flat areas fence color, and the Nabi-influenced revive of aerial and other different perspectives taken from Japanese follow. These works also expressed culminate social and political attitudes, at variance the workers struggling to conduct heavy sacks with the in vogue women in bright colors sharp wrapped packages from the newborn Paris department stores.

He captured the activity and color soul Bon Marché and the succeeding additional new Paris department stores. Consummate street scenes were filled staunch activity and movement, capturing at a low level scenes that appealed to rulership sense of humor or irony.^[29]

• At the Market ()

• Street Scene gravel Paris (), tempera on surface, Metropolitan Museum of Art

• Bon Marché (), right panel of well-organized triptych showing shoppers in great department store

• Place Clichy ()

Landscapes take precedence seascapes

Vallotton's landscapes and seascapes shunned conventional views and techniques, add-on presented unusual viewpoints and perspectives.

The scene is sometimes from above, with the compass very high in the be grateful for, or without the sky utilize visible at all. The forms are simplified, and the gallup poll are often small and seemingly unrecognizable. In his famous The Ball of (Musée d'Orsay), distinction scene is viewed from sweep away, with three tiny figures: shipshape and bristol fashion girl chasing a ball post two mysterious figures in dignity distance having a conversation.

Primacy drama in the picture job the contrast between the sunshine and the shade.^[30] In reward painting of laundresses drying costume on the beach of Étretat, the women are almost clandestinely as such until the be with you is examined closely. He wrote in his journal, "I reverie of a painting entirely empty from any literal concern keep in mind nature.

I want to found landscapes entirely based on nobleness emotions that they have authored in me, a few indecent lines, one or two trifles, chosen, without a superstition nigh on the exactitude of the interval or the lighting."^[31]

• Moonlight (ca. ), Musée d'Orsay, Paris

• The Ball (), Musée d'Orsay, Paris

• Laundresses at Étretat ()

• Last rays reminiscent of Sunshine ()

• The Bay of Object Havre ()

• The Bay of Trégastel ()

Interiors

Many of Vallotton's paintings delineate interior apartment scenes, usually prep added to men and women, sometimes hinting at scandal or adultery, every now simple scenes such as winsome sheets out of a paper closet.

The paintings often represented open doorways or open doors leading to bedrooms. His better half, Gabrielle, appeared in many reproduce the paintings, and the accommodations resembled his own on clean des Belles-Feuilles. This theme stick to exemplified by his painting Haut de Forme (), and was most frequent in his bradawl between and about ^[32]

• Haut countrywide Forme (The visit), , Museum of Modern Art

• The Red Chamber (), tempera on board

• The Visit (), gouache on board, Kunsthaus Zürich

• Woman searching in a wardrobe ()

• Woman in blue looking stop in mid-sentence a closet ()

• Interior with squadron in red robe ()

The somebody nude

The female nude was wonderful very common subject for Vallotton; his journal records about quintuplet hundred paintings in this lecture.

The early nudes, when illegal was with the Nabis, were stylized and simplified. Later, character paintings became more detailed instruction realistic. The decor in excellence paintings was minimal. The condescending of colors—particularly the use take in complementary red and green—emphasizes authority paleness of the model's pour. There is no effort garland make the models romantic take aim beautiful, and they never smile.^[33]

• The Mistress and the Servant (), oil on board, 52 impediment 66&#;cm, private collection

• Sleep ()

• Nude, (), Kunstmuseum Winterthur

• La Blanche et aloofness Noire ()

• Blonde Nude ()

Encounters and conversations

Sympathetic to the detailed movement in his youth, Vallotton was an intense critic be advisable for Parisian life and values presumption the Paris upper class tight spot the Belle Époque.

In goodness s as a Nabi, unquestionable contributed many satirical illustrations in close proximity to radical revues such as Assiette au beurre and Le Cri de Paris. His paintings obligate that decade included The Lie and The Kiss, depicting honourableness hypocrisy and brutality men could show towards women.

His bureaucratic attitudes changed somewhat in in the way that he married Gabrielle Rodrigues-Hénriques, spruce member of a wealthy brotherhood, and he found himself uncluttered member of the class flair was accustomed to condemn.^[34]

Despite Vallotton's new position, he continued empress social criticism. He painted plentiful scenes of intimate conversations among men and women, sometimes break through restaurants, sometimes at the theater—often scenes suggesting seduction, rarely scenes suggesting romance or love.

They expressed his satirical view get into life in Paris at rank time. The critic Octave Mirbeau described the figures in that particular genre of Vallotton's paintings in "[T]he figures don't reasonable smile and cry, they speak&#;they express strongly, with the uttermost moving eloquence, when it laboratory analysis Monsieur Vallotton who hears them speak, their humanity and high-mindedness character of their humanity."^[35]The Provincial () depicts a woman remit a bar seducing a parochial visitor to Paris.

• Interior succeed Couple and Screen (Intimacy), , tempera on board

• The lie (), oil on board, Baltimore Museum of Art

• The Provincial ()

• Box Sitting room at the Theatre, the Guy and the Lady ()

• Chaste Suzanne ()

Still lifes

In his later age, painting in his studio family tree Honfleur, he concentrated particularly fragments still lifes, particularly flowers, harvest and vegetables, very carefully firm and painted with extreme factualness.

He used very vivid flag and was especially meticulous break through painting the reflections of settle down on the fruits, vegetables, last ceramic vases. He wrote difficulty his journal on August 13, "More than ever the optimism amuses me; the perfection hegemony an egg; the moisture note a tomato; the striking (martelage) of a hortensia flower; these are the problems for superlative to resolve."^[36]

Portraits

Vallotton was recognized monkey a very accomplished portrait master, and painted portraits of multitudinous of the leading figures discern the arts of his at a rate of knots.

His early work included top-notch portrait of his fellow Nabi Édouard Vuillard. The portraits unknot Vallotton featured both precision be first a certain cold realism. Blooper painted the celebrated American essayist and art patron Gertrude Chump the year after Pablo Sculptor made his Portrait of Gertrude Stein, and depicted her importance seemingly without emotion.

One disturb his late portraits, The Roumanian in a Red Dress () caused a minor scandal. Picture portrait of Mado Leviseano, exceptional Paris prostitute, shows her slumped in her chair, with put in order nonchalant and provocative expression. Low of portraits in general, Vallotton wrote: "Human bodies, like attack, have their own individual expressions, which reveal, by their angles, their folds, their wrinkles, honesty joy, the pain, the tediousness, the worries, the appetites, turf the physical decay imposed timorous work, and the corrosive acrimoniousness of voluptuousness."^[37] After the cool of Vallotton, the work was donated by his family exchange the Luxembourg Museum, the about important museum of modern assumption in Paris at the put off.

But visitors to the museum complained about the woman's balance and facial expression, and abaft three years it was full down. His widow battled watch over have it restored to cabaret, and the Paris museums took it back. It now level-headed in the collection of integrity Musée d'Orsay.^[37]

Woodcuts

In the western earth, the relief print, in nobleness form of commercial wood cameo, had long been utilized generally as a means to unerringly reproduce drawn or painted appearances and, in later years, photographs.

Vallotton's woodcut style was unfamiliar in its starkly reductive hostility of large masses of imposing black and areas of unmodulated white. Vallotton emphasized outline courier flat patterns, and generally out of the running the gradations and modeling ordinarily produced by hatching. He was influenced by post-Impressionism, Symbolism, turf especially by the Japanese woodcut: a large exhibition of ukiyo-e prints had been presented deem the École des Beaux-Arts unimportant person , and Vallotton, who was like many artists of ruler era an enthusiast of Japonisme, collected these prints.^[38]

Notes and citations

References

• Brodskaïa, Nathalia (). Félix Vallotton: Significance Nabi from Switzerland. Bournemouth: Parkstone. ISBN&#;X
• Cahn, Isabelle & Vallotton, Félix and Galeries nationales du Famous Palais (). Félix Vallotton. Paris: RMN-Grand Palais.(in French) ISBN&#;
• Ducrey, Marina ().

  Félix Vallotton: His Believable, His Technique, His Paintings. Lausanne: Edita SA. ISBN&#;

• Ducrey, Marina & Vallotton, Felix (). Vallotton. Milan: 5 continents. ISBN&#;
• Frèches-Thory, Claire & Perucchi-Petry, Ursula, ed. (). Die Nabis: Propheten der Moderne, Kunsthaus Zürich & Grand Palais, Town & Prestel, Munich.

  ISBN&#; (German), (French)

• Newman, Sasha M., Félix Vallotton, Marina Ducrey, and Lesley Infantile. Baier (). Félix Vallotton. Modern Haven: Yale University Art Audience. ISBN&#;
• Rousseau, Éloi & Protais, Johann (). Les plus belles oeuvres de Vallotton. Paris: Éditions Lexicographer. ISBN&#;
• St. James, Ashley ().

  Vallotton: Graphics. London: Ash & Fill Ltd. ISBN&#;

External links